• Polishing is a process to generate a reflective surface 
• Normally, the polish is generated by using a fine-micron or sub-micron abrasive particle in combination with a liquid. Polishing is a “wet” process. 
• Often the polishing process utilizes a pad to contain the abrasive, so polishing may not be a “loose abrasive process.” The pad is softer than the part. 
• Very little material is removed during the polishing process, normally measured in microns or nanometers 
• The surface finish of the work piece to be polished must be of high quality. The pre-polishing process is often a "lapped" surface.. 

• Enable sealing of high-pressure gases and liquids 
• Cosmetic polished purposes 
• Enable the use of optical flatness measurement instruments 
• Reduce the amount of surface and sub-surface damage 
• Provide better uniformity of surfaces requiring epitaxial processes or deposited materials 
• Generate sharper edges on cutting tools

• Soft or hard pads using a conventional or special purpose abrasive slurry 
• Soft or hard pads using a diamond abrasive slurry which may be water-base or oil-base 
• Hard pads using a diamond compound and lubricant 
• Diamond slurry polishing using a composite plate 
• Diamond slurry polishing using a metal plate 
• Fixed-abrasive films (captured abrasive) and lube

Lapping 

• Dull, non-reflective surface (matte) 
• Multi-directional lay pattern 
• Component function (coating) 

Polishing 

• Reflective finish 
• Typically 2nd step 
• Component function (sealing) 
• Cosmetic appeal 
• Light-band inspection 

• Polishing often uses a polishing pad and water-base slurry to generate the reflective or clear surface 
• An unblemished, scratch-free surface finish is critical on polished surfaces. To generate the required finishes, the polishing slurries are often caustic. As such, the polishing systems may feature stainless steel exposed components such as the hardware, rings and plates. 
• Further to the above, some polishing applications also require thorough water rinsing during the end of the processing cycle, in order to remove the polishing media so it does not “stain” the surface. This is another reason why stainless steel is required.
• The polishing pads are usually grouped into either “soft” pad or “hard” pad categories.

• The lapping and polishing systems are quite similar in most aspects 
• However, since polishing normally takes place using a pad and slurry, the surface tension is quite high compared to lapping 
• In addition, a polished part features a much higher level of surface tension compared to a lapped part 
• Based on the above items, polishing systems may feature a higher level of horsepower for the drives